Page last updated on January 31, 2014

Introduction:
Background:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western" from its name in 1997.
Geography:
Location:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about half way between Hawaii and New Zealand
Geographic coordinates:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
13 35 S, 172 20 W
Map references:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Oceania
Area:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 2,831 sq km
country comparison to the world: 178
land: 2,821 sq km
water: 10 sq km
Area - comparative:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Land boundaries:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 km
Coastline:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
403 km
Maritime claims:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
Terrain:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior
Elevation extremes:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Silisili 1,857 m
Natural resources:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
Land use:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
arable land: 2.82%
permanent crops: 7.75%
other: 89.44% (2011)
Irrigated land:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA
Natural hazards:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
occasional typhoons; active volcanism
volcanism: Savai'I Island (elev. 1,858 m), which last erupted in 1911, is historically active
Environment - current issues:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing
Environment - international agreements:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
occupies an almost central position within Polynesia
People and Society:
Nationality:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
noun: Samoan(s)
adjective: Samoan
Ethnic groups:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) 7%, Europeans 0.4% (2001 census)
Languages:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Samoan (Polynesian) (official), English
Religions:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Protestant 59.9% (Congregationalist 34.8%, Methodist 15%, Assembly of God 6.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.5%), Roman Catholic 19.6%, Mormon 12.7%, Worship Centre 1.3%, other Christian 4.5%, other 1.9%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
Population:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
195,476 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
note: prior estimates used official net migration data by sex, but a highly unusual pattern for 1993 lead to a significant imbalance in the sex ratios (more men and fewer women) and a seeming reduction in the female population; the revised total was calculated using a 1993 number that was an average of the 1992 and 1994 migration figures
Age structure:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0-14 years: 34% (male 34,291/female 32,170)
15-24 years: 20.1% (male 20,150/female 19,129)
25-54 years: 34.9% (male 35,391/female 32,746)
55-64 years: 5.7% (male 5,637/female 5,489)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 4,583/female 5,890) (2013 est.)
population pyramid: "> Dependency ratios:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total dependency ratio: 75.1 %
youth dependency ratio: 66.1 %
elderly dependency ratio: 9 %
potential support ratio: 11.1 (2013)
Median age:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 22.7 years
male: 22.5 years
female: 22.9 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0.59% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
Birth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
21.7 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Death rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
5.33 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
Net migration rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-10.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
Urbanization:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
urban population: 20% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
APIA (capital) 36,000 (2009)
Sex ratio:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
23.6
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
100 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 70
Infant mortality rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 20.95 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 88
male: 24.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total population: 72.94 years
country comparison to the world: 129
male: 70.06 years
female: 75.97 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.03 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
28.7% (2009)
Health expenditures:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
7% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 84
Physicians density:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0.48 physicians/1,000 population (2008)
Hospital bed density:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1 beds/1,000 population (2005)
Drinking water source:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
improved:
unimproved:
Sanitation facility access:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
improved:
unimproved:
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
54.1% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 6
Education expenditures:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
5.8% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 45
Literacy:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99%
female: 98.6% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2005)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 16.1%
country comparison to the world: 81
male: 13.8%
female: 22.2% (2011)
Government:
Country name:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
conventional long form: Independent State of Samoa
conventional short form: Samoa
local long form: Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa
local short form: Samoa
former: Western Samoa
Government type:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
name: Apia
geographic coordinates: 13 49 S, 171 46 W
time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano
Independence:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship; it is observed in June
Constitution:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
several previous (preindependence); latest 1 January 1962; amended several times, last in 2013 (2013)
Legal system:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen
International law organization participation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of state: TUI ATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi (since 20 June 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister TUILA'EPA Lupesoliai Sailele Malielegaoi (since 1998); Deputy Prime Minister FONOTOE Pierre Lauofo (since 2011)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members appointed by the chief of state on the prime minister's advice
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
elections: chief of state elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve a five-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 July 2012 (next to be held in 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually appointed prime minister by the chief of state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly
election results: TUI ATUA Tupua Tamasese Efi unanimously elected by the Legislative Assembly
Legislative branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats, 47 members elected by voters affiliated with traditional village-based electoral districts, 2 elected by independent, mostly non-Samoan or part-Samoan, voters who cannot (or choose not to) establish a village affiliation; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Fono from the 47 village-based electorates; members serve five-year terms)
elections: election last held on 4 March 2011 (next election to be held not later than March 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - HRPP 29, Tautua Samoa 13, independents 7
Judicial branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and 2 Supreme Court judges and meets once or twice a year); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and several judges)
judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the head of state upon the advice of the prime minister; other Supreme Court judges appointed by the Judicial Service Commission, a 3-member body chaired by the chief justice and includes the attorney general and an appointee of the Minister of Justice; judges normally appointed until retirement at age 68
subordinate courts: District Court; Magistrates' Courts; Land and Titles Courts; village fono or village chief councils
Political parties and leaders:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA
International organization participation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of mission: Ambassador Aliioaiga Feturi ELISAIA (since 4 December 2003)
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400J, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196 through 6197
FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797
consulate(s) general: Pago Pago (American Samoa)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of mission: the US does not have an embassy in Samoa; the US Ambassador to New Zealand, currently Ambassador David HUEBNER, is accredited to Samoa
embassy: Accident Corporation Building, 5th Floor, Matafele, Apia
mailing address: P. O. Box 3430, Matafele, Apia
telephone: [685] 21436/21631/21452/22696
FAX: [685] 22030
Flag description:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation; red stands for courage, blue represents freedom, and white signifies purity
National symbol(s):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Southern Cross constellation (five, five-pointed stars)
National anthem:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
name: "O le Fu'a o le Sa'olotoga o Samoa" (The Banner of Freedom)
lyrics/music: Sauni Liga KURESA
note: adopted 1962; the anthem is also known as "Samoa Tula'i" (Samoa Arise)
Economy:
Economy - overview:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and fishing. The country is vulnerable to devastating storms. Agriculture employs roughly two-thirds of the labor force and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. The manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. One factory in the Foreign Trade Zone employs 3,000 people to make automobile electrical harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. Tourism is an expanding sector accounting for 25% of GDP; 122,000 tourists visited the islands in 2007. In late September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami severely damaged Samoa, and nearby American Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. In December 2012, extensive flooding and wind damage from Tropical Cyclone Evan killed four people, displaced over 6,000, and damaged or destroyed an estimated 1,500 homes in Samoa's Upolu island. The Samoan Government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, while at the same time protecting the environment. Observers point to the flexibility of the labor market as a basic strength for future economic advances. Foreign reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the external debt is stable, and inflation is low.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$1.129 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$680.7 million (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$6,200 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
agriculture: 9.8%
industry: 27.1%
services: 63.2% (2012 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, coffee, cocoa
Industries:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
food processing, building materials, auto parts
Industrial production growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.4% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
Labor force:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
47,930 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
Labor force - by occupation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
agriculture: 65%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Unemployment rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA%
Population below poverty line:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Budget:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
revenues: $233.4 million
expenditures: $263.9 million (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
34.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-4.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Fiscal year:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
June 1 - May 31
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
2.1% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9.86% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Stock of narrow money:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$97.71 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 183
Stock of broad money:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$327.9 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Stock of domestic credit:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$312.1 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$NA
Current account balance:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$-76.11 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$11.4 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211
Exports - commodities:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
fish, coconut oil and cream, copra, taro, automotive parts, garments, beer
Exports - partners:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
American Samoa 48.4%, Australia 24% (2012)
Imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$318.7 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197
Imports - commodities:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
NZ 19.2%, Singapore 18.6%, Fiji 17.6%, China 15.8%, Australia 5.9%, US 5.4% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$168.7 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
Debt - external:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$368.3 million (31 December 2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
Exchange rates:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
tala (SAT) per US dollar -
Energy:
Electricity - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
120.2 million kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Electricity - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
111.8 million kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195
Electricity - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149
Electricity - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
41,100 kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
70.6% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
29.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Crude oil - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Crude oil - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 207
Crude oil - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
Crude oil - proved reserves:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl (1 January 2013 es)
country comparison to the world: 205
Refined petroleum products - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1,070 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
Refined petroleum products - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Refined petroleum products - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1,149 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
Natural gas - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 210
Natural gas - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 210
Natural gas - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 208
Natural gas - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (1 January 2013 es)
country comparison to the world: 207
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
146,600 Mt (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Communications:
Telephones - main lines in use:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
35,300 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 173
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
167,400 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 183
Telephone system:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
general assessment: adequate
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 100 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 685; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2007)
Broadcast media:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
state-owned TV station privatized in 2008; 4 privately-owned television broadcast stations; about a half dozen privately owned radio stations and one state-owned radio station; TV and radio broadcasts of several stations from American Samoa are available (2009)
Internet country code:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
.ws
Internet hosts:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
18,013 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 120
Internet users:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 202
Transportation:
Airports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
4 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 187
Airports - with paved runways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 3
under 914 m:
Roadways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 2,337 km
country comparison to the world: 172
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)
Merchant marine:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 2
country comparison to the world: 146
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1
foreign-owned: 1 (NZ 1) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
major seaport(s): Apia
Military:
Military branches:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
no regular military forces; Samoa Police Force (2008)
Manpower available for military service:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
males age 16-49: 47,906 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
males age 16-49: 38,260
females age 16-49: 38,032 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
male: 2,221
female: 2,062 (2010 est.)
Military - note:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship