Page last updated on January 31, 2014

Introduction:
Background:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
Geography:
Location:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Geographic coordinates:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
46 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Europe
Area:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 238,391 sq km
country comparison to the world: 83
land: 229,891 sq km
water: 8,500 sq km
Area - comparative:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km
Coastline:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
225 km
Maritime claims:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Elevation extremes:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Natural resources:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
arable land: 37.73%
permanent crops: 1.86%
other: 60.41% (2011)
Irrigated land:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
6,153 sq km (2007)
Total renewable water resources:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
211.9 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)
per capita: 320.8 cu m/yr (2009)
Natural hazards:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Environment - current issues:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
Environment - international agreements:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine
People and Society:
Nationality:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian
Ethnic groups:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
Languages:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Romanian (official) 91%, Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%
Religions:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)
Population:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
21,790,479 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
Age structure:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0-14 years: 14.7% (male 1,642,950/female 1,556,430)
15-24 years: 11.8% (male 1,317,820/female 1,255,982)
25-54 years: 45.5% (male 5,000,720/female 4,904,527)
55-64 years: 13% (male 1,319,066/female 1,508,158)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male 1,326,641/female 1,958,185) (2013 est.)
population pyramid: "> Dependency ratios:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total dependency ratio: 43.3 %
youth dependency ratio: 21.6 %
elderly dependency ratio: 21.7 %
potential support ratio: 4.6 (2013)
Median age:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 39.4 years
male: 38 years
female: 41 years (2013 est.)
Population growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-0.27% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 216
Birth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Death rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
11.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Net migration rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
Urbanization:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
urban population: 52.8% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: -0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
BUCHAREST (capital) 1.933 million (2009)
Sex ratio:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
26 (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 128
Infant mortality rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 10.44 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 142
male: 11.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total population: 74.45 years
country comparison to the world: 110
male: 70.99 years
female: 78.13 years (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1.31 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
69.8%
note: percent of women aged 15-49 (2005)
Health expenditures:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
5.9% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 116
Physicians density:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
2.39 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
Hospital bed density:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
6.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
improved:
unimproved:
Sanitation facility access:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
improved:
unimproved:
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0.1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
16,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
19.1% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 101
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.5% (2002)
country comparison to the world: 100
Education expenditures:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
4.3% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 101
Literacy:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.7%
male: 98.3%
female: 97.1% (2011 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2010)
Child labor - children ages 5-14:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total number: 26,658
percentage: 1 % (2000 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 22.7%
country comparison to the world: 49
male: 22.3%
female: 23.2% (2012)
Government:
Country name:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania
Government type:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
republic
Capital:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea
Independence:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
Constitution:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 (2013)
Legal system:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
civil law system
International law organization participation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a national recall referendum on both occasions
head of government: Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament
election results: Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%
Legislative branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18
Judicial branch:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 11 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members appointed - 6 by Parliament and 3 by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Political parties and leaders:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
other: various human rights and professional associations
International organization participation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of mission: Iulian BUGA (since 3 December 2013)
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER (since 14 December 2012)
embassy: Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118
mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442
Flag description:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed
note: now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova
National symbol(s):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
golden eagle
National anthem:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)
lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN
note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
Economy:
Economy - overview:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania''s widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven by strong consumer demand, high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. As a result of the increase in fiscal and current account deficits and the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. Worsening international financial markets, as well as a series of drastic austerity measures implemented to meet Romania''s obligations under the IMF-led bail-out agreement contributed to a GDP contraction of 6.6% in 2009, followed by a 1.1% GDP contraction in 2010. The economy returned to positive growth in 2011 due to strong exports, a better than expected harvest, and weak domestic demand. In 2012, however, growth slowed to less than 1%, partially due to slackening export demand and an extended drought that resulted in an exceptionally poor harvest. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. The Romanian authorities announced that they do not intend to draw funds under the agreement.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$271.4 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$167.1 billion (2012 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0.7% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$12,700 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
note: data are in 2012 US dollars
Gross national saving:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
23.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
GDP - composition, by end use:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
household consumption: 71.5%
government consumption: 6.6%
investment in fixed capital: 26.7%
investment in inventories: 0.3%
exports of goods and services: 40%
imports of goods and services: -45.2%
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
agriculture: 10.3%
industry: 35%
services: 54.9% (2012 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep
Industries:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-0.8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Labor force:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9.252 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Labor force - by occupation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
agriculture: 31.6%
industry: 21.1%
services: 47.3% (2010)
Unemployment rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
5.6% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Population below poverty line:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
22.2% (2011 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 19.8% (2011 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
33.2 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 97
Budget:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
revenues: $55.69 billion
expenditures: $59.95 billion (2012 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
33.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
-2.5% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Public debt:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
37.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds
Fiscal year:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.3% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Central bank discount rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
5.25% (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 63
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
11.33% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Stock of narrow money:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$26.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Stock of broad money:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$63.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Stock of domestic credit:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$82.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$29.56 billion (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 62
Current account balance:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$-6.346 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
Exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$51.29 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Exports - commodities:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels
Exports - partners:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Germany 18.9%, Italy 12.3%, France 7.1%, Turkey 5.5%, Hungary 5.5% (2012)
Imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$62.75 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Imports - commodities:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products
Imports - partners:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Germany 17.5%, Italy 11%, Hungary 9.1%, France 5.7%, Russia 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Austria 4.2%, Kazakhstan 4.1% (2012)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$46.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Debt - external:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$129.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$75.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
$2.727 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Exchange rates:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
lei (RON) per US dollar -
Energy:
Electricity - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
60.39 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 44
Electricity - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
53.74 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Electricity - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
2.457 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Electricity - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1.04 billion kWh (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
24.98 million kW (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 34
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
61.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
9.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
27% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
Crude oil - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
101,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
Crude oil - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Crude oil - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
Crude oil - proved reserves:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
600 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)
country comparison to the world: 47
Refined petroleum products - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Refined petroleum products - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
Refined petroleum products - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Natural gas - production:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
10.61 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Natural gas - consumption:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
14.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Natural gas - exports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
Natural gas - imports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
3.16 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)
country comparison to the world: 53
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
86.19 million Mt (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
Communications:
Telephones - main lines in use:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
4.68 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 32
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
22.7 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 45
Telephone system:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services
domestic: more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)
Broadcast media:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)
Internet country code:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
.ro
Internet hosts:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
2.667 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 35
Internet users:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
7.787 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 37
Transportation:
Airports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
45 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 97
Airports - with paved runways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 26
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m:
Heliports:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
2 (2013)
Pipelines:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)
Railways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 10,777 km
country comparison to the world: 22
broad gauge: 134 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,639 km 1.435-m gauge (4,020 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 4 km 1.000-m gauge (2012)
Roadways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 84,185 km
country comparison to the world: 56
paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways)
unpaved: 34,312 km (2012)
Waterways:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)
country comparison to the world: 46
Merchant marine:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
total: 5
country comparison to the world: 127
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)
registered in other countries: 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)
Ports and terminals:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia
river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)
Military:
Military branches:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)
Military service age and obligation:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
20-35 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscription ended 2006, but military service remains mandatory; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2012)
Manpower available for military service:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
males age 16-49: 5,601,234
females age 16-49: 5,428,939 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
males age 16-49: 4,550,409
females age 16-49: 4,507,880 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
male: 117,798
female: 111,607 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
1.29% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 243
Transnational Issues:
Disputes - international:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Field Background: For all countries in alphabetical order
stateless persons: 248 (2012)