First explored by the Spaniards in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century, Suriname became a Dutch colony in 1667. With the abolition of African slavery in 1863, workers were brought in from India and Java. Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to exert control through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In 1990, the military overthrew the civilian leadership, but a democratically elected government - a four-party coalition - returned to power in 1991. The coalition expanded to eight parties in 2005 and ruled until August 2010, when voters returned former military leader Desire BOUTERSE and his opposition coalition to power.

Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French Guiana and Guyana

4 00 N, 56 00 W

South America

total: 163,820 sq km
country comparison to the world: 92
land: 156,000 sq km
water: 7,820 sq km

slightly larger than Georgia

total: 1,703 km
border countries: Brazil 593 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

386 km

territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

tropical; moderated by trade winds

mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps

lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m
highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore

arable land: 0.36%
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 99.6% (2011)

511.8 sq km (2003)

122 cu km (2011)

total: 0.67 cu km/yr (6%/4%/90%)
per capita: 1,396 cu m/yr (2006)

NA

deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast

noun: Surinamer(s)
adjective: Surinamese

Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Hindu 27.4%, Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), Roman Catholic 22.8%, Muslim 19.6%, indigenous beliefs 5%

Suriname is a pluralistic society consisting primarily of Creoles (persons of mixed African and European heritage), the descendants of escaped African slaves known as Maroons, and the descendants of Indian and Javanese contract workers. The country overall is in full, post-industrial demographic transition, with a low fertility rate, a moderate mortality rate, and a rising life expectancy. However, the Maroon population of the rural interior lags behind because of lower educational attainment and contraceptive use, higher malnutrition, and significantly less access to electricity, potable water, sanitation, infrastructure, and health care.

566,846 (July 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171

0-14 years: 26.8% (male 77,404/female 74,477)
15-24 years: 17.5% (male 50,745/female 48,718)
25-54 years: 43.8% (male 126,399/female 121,930)
55-64 years: 6.2% (male 17,123/female 18,246)
65 years and over: 5.6% (male 13,770/female 18,034) (2013 est.)

total dependency ratio: 51.6 %
youth dependency ratio: 41.5 %
elderly dependency ratio: 10.1 %
potential support ratio: 9.9 (2013)

total: 28.2 years
male: 27.8 years
female: 28.5 years (2013 est.)

1.15% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103

17.1 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116

6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161

0.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65

urban population: 69% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 1.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

PARAMARIBO (capital) 259,000 (2009)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

130 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 64

total: 27.99 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 69
male: 32.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total population: 71.41 years
country comparison to the world: 145
male: 69.05 years
female: 73.88 years (2013 est.)

2.04 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123

45.6% (2006)

5.3% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 134

0.91 physicians/1,000 population (2004)

3.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)

1% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49

3,700 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123

fewer than 200 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: dengue fever and malaria (2013)

25.1% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 60

7.5% (2006)
country comparison to the world: 74

NA

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.7%
male: 95.4%
female: 94% (2010 est.)

total: 12 years (2002)

total number: 6,094
percentage: 6 % (2006 est.)

total: 21.5% (2004)
country comparison to the world: 54

conventional long form: Republic of Suriname
conventional short form: Suriname
local long form: Republiek Suriname
local short form: Suriname
former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana

constitutional democracy

name: Paramaribo
geographic coordinates: 5 50 N, 55 10 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica

25 November 1975 (from the Netherlands)

Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

previous 1975; latest ratified 30 September 1987, effective 30 October 1987; amended 1992; note - in 2012, the president appointed a commission to revise the constitution (2012)

civil law system influenced by Dutch civil law; note - the Commissie Nieuw Surinaamse Burgerlijk Wetboek completed drafting a new civil code in February 2009

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

18 years of age; universal

chief of state: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Desire Delano BOUTERSE (since 12 August 2010); Vice President Robert AMEERALI (since 12 August 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate receives a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger United People's Assembly (893 representatives from the national, local, and regional councils), for five-year terms (no term limits); election last held on 19 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015)
election results: Desire Delano BOUTERSE elected president; percent of vote - Desire Delano BOUTERSE 70.6%, Chandrikapersad SATOKHI 25.5%, other 3.9%

unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 25 May 2010 (next to be held in May 2015)
election results: percent of vote by party - Mega Combination 45.1%, New Front 27.5%, A-Com 13.7%, People's Alliance 11.8%, DOE 1.9%; seats by party - Mega Combination 23, New Front 14, A-Com 7, People's Alliance 6, DOE 1

highest court(s): High Court of Justice of Suriname (consists of the court president, vice president, and 4 judges)
judge selection and term of office: court judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the High Court; judges appointed for life
subordinate courts: cantonal courts

A-Combination (a coalition that includes the General Liberation and Development Party ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK], and SEEKA [Paul ABENA])
note: BVD and PVF participated in the elections as a coalition (BVD/PVF) in the most recent elections, but separated after the election

Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE]

ACP, AOSIS, Caricom, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

chief of mission: Ambassador Subhas-Chandra MUNGRA (since 28 January 2011)
chancery: Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5878
consulate(s) general: Miami

chief of mission: Ambassador Jay N. ANANIA (since 1 October 2012)
embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo
mailing address: US Department of State, PO Box 1821, Paramaribo
telephone: [597] 472-900
FAX: [597] 410-972

five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); a large, yellow, five-pointed star is centered in the red band; red stands for progress and love; green symbolizes hope and fertility; white signifies peace, justice, and freedom; the star represents the unity of all ethnic groups; from its yellow light the nation draws strength to bear sacrifices patiently while working toward a golden future

name: "God zij met ons Suriname!" (God Be With Our Suriname)
lyrics/music: Cornelis Atses HOEKSTRA and Henry DE ZIEL/Johannes Corstianus DE PUY
note: adopted 1959; the anthem, originally adapted from a Sunday school song written in 1893, contains lyrics in both Dutch and Sranang Tongo

The economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of alumina, gold, and oil accounting for about 85% of exports and 25% of government revenues, making the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. Economic growth, which reached about 7% in 2008, owing to sizeable foreign investment in mining and oil, slowed to 2.2% in 2009 as investment waned and the country earned less from its commodity exports when global prices for most commodities fell. Trade picked up, boosting Suriname's economic growth about 4% per year in 2010-12, but the government's budget remained strained. Inflation rose from 1.3% in 2009 to 17.7% in 2011. In January 2011, the government devalued the currency by 20% and raised taxes to reduce the budget deficit. As a result of these measures, inflation receded to 6% in 2012. Suriname''s economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition.

$6.709 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
note: data are in 2012 US dollars

$4.691 billion (2012 est.)

4.8% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74

$12,300 (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
note: data are in 2012 US dollars

household consumption: 84.6%
government consumption: 12.6%
investment in fixed capital: 6.3%
investment in inventories: -19.8%
exports of goods and services: 58.6%
imports of goods and services: -62.1%

agriculture: 9.2%
industry: 36.4%
services: 54.4% (2012 est.)

rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts; beef, chickens; shrimp; forest products

bauxite and gold mining, alumina production; oil, lumbering, food processing, fishing

2% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104

165,600 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 176

agriculture: 8%
industry: 14%
services: 78% (2004)

9% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 102

70% (2002 est.)

lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

revenues: $826.6 million
expenditures: $939.7 million (2010 est.)

17.6% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180

-2.4% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97

calendar year

5% (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

11.73% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68

$1.132 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146

$2.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148

$1.275 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

$NA

$241.4 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50

$2.564 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137

alumina, gold, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

US 25.7%, Belgium 17.4%, UAE 11.5%, Canada 10.3%, Guyana 5.8%, France 5.5%, Barbados 4.2% (2012)

$1.761 billion (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167

capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods

US 26%, Netherlands 16%, China 9.9%, UAE 8.1%, Antigua and Barbuda 6.7%, Netherlands Antilles 4.9%, Japan 4.3% (2012)

$1.008 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133

$810.8 million (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165

Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar -

1.57 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141

1.423 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147

0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114

0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115

410,000 kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

53.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154

46.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108

15,270 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84

7,621 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61

0.66 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82

76.8 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)
country comparison to the world: 76

7,462 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106

14,100 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146

1,015 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105

6,454 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139

0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177

0 cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182

0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158

0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110

0 cu m (1 January 2011 es)
country comparison to the world: 180

2.335 million Mt (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

83,000 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 149

977,000 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 158

general assessment: international facilities are good
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity 185 telephones per 100 persons; microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 597; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

2 state-owned TV stations; 1 state-owned radio station; multiple private radio and TV stations (2007)

.sr

188 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 201

163,000 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 146

55 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 85

total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 5 (2013)

total: 49
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m:

oil 50 km (2013)

total: 4,304 km
country comparison to the world: 154
paved: 1,130 km
unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)

1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 61

major seaport(s): Paramaribo, Wageningen

Suriname Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (2010)

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; personnel drawn almost exclusively from the Creole community (2012)

males age 16-49: 134,218
females age 16-49: 134,439 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49: 109,445
females age 16-49: 112,538 (2010 est.)

male: 4,119
female: 4,106 (2010 est.)

area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea arbitration to resolve the longstanding dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

current situation: Suriname is a source, destination, and transit country for women, men, and children who are subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and girls from Suriname, Guyana, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic are subjected to sex trafficking in the country, sometimes around mining camps; debt bondage and sex trafficking are reported to occur within the Chinese migrant community; migrant workers in agriculture and on fishing boats and children working in informal urban sectors and gold mines are vulnerable to forced labor
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Suriname does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government has prosecuted an increased number of sex trafficking cases and identified an increased number of child sex trafficking victims; accountability for trafficking offenses continues to be a problem as no offenders have been convicted and the complicity of local officials remains a concern; authorities do not have a formal system for referring victims to NGOs that provide services but reported doing so on an ad hoc basis; the government's interagency anti-trafficking working group drafted an anti-trafficking policy in 2012 (2013)